ALA IS THE MUCH LOVED WEST AFRICAN GODDESS OF THE EARTH; SHE IS THE CREATOR OF THE LIVING, THE MOTHER OF ALL THINGS...SHE IS ALSO THE QUEEN OF THE DEAD. SHE IS THE DAUGHTER OF THE HIGH GOD, CHUKU. AS THE GODDESS OF FERTILITY, IT IS ALA WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MANY OF THE ASPECTS OF CIVILIZATION AS WELL AS FOR THE GUARDIANSHIP OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN. IN GENERAL, ALA GIVES BIRTH TO THE BEGINNINGS OF ALL EXISTENCE; SHE MAKES THE SEED IN THE WOMB GROW AND GIVES IT LIFE. SHE THEN REMAINS WITH IT DURING ITS LIFE, AND AS RULER OF THE UNDERWORLD, SHE WELCOMES THE SOULS OF THE DEAD BACK INTO HER WOMB.
SHE IS ALSO THE PROVIDER OF COMMUNAL LOYALTY AND THE LAWGIVER OF SOCIETY. IT IS SHE WHO GUIDES THE MORALITY OF HER PEOPLE. SHE GIVES THE LAW AND EXPLAINS HOW THOSE WHO LIVE UPON HER MAY FOLLOW A LIFE OF RIGHTEOUSNESS AND TRUTH.
HER TEMPLES ARE USUALLY ERECTED IN THE CENTER OF THE VILLAGES, AND TO THIS DAY, THE MEN AND WOMEN OF THE IBO VILLAGE JOIN TOGETHER TO BUILD A SMALL, SQUARE WOODEN HOUSE WITH A LIFE SIZE IMAGE OF ALA SITTING ON THE PORCH FOR ALL TO SEE WHO GO BY. USUALLY SHE IS SURROUNDED BY COLORFUL SCULPTURES. EACH YEAR HER FOLLOWERS PAY HOMAGE TO HER WITH AN EVENT KNOWN AS THE YAM FESTIVAL.
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IN GREEK MYTHOLOGY, HEBE (HE-BEE) WAS THE GODDESS OF YOUTH. SHE WAS A MOST BEAUTIFUL GODDESS; HER NAME MEANS "YOUTH" AND "PRIME OF LIFE"; HENCE, HER TITLE. HEBE IS THE YOUNGEST DAUGHTER OF TWO OLYMPIANS--ZEUS AND HERA. SHE IS THE SISTER OF ARES, THE GOD OF WAR, AND OF EILEITHYIA, THE GODDESS OF CHILDBIRTH. HEBE SERVED AS CUPBEARER TO THE GODS OF MOUNT OLYMPUS UNTIL SHE MARRIED HARACLES AFTER HIS MOST UNFORTUNATE MORTAL LIFE WAS ENDED. THE FOLLOWING SCENE FROM HOMER'S ILIAD DEPICTS HEBE PERFORMING HER DUTIES:
"THE GODS WERE SEATED NEAR TO ZEUS IN COUNCIL, "UPON THE GOLDEN FLOOR. GRACIOUSLY HEBE "SERVED THEM NECTAR, AS WITH CUPS OF GOLD"THEY TOASTED ONE ANOTHER, LOOKING DOWN"TOWARD THE STRONGHOLD OF ILION"."-- ILIAD; BOOK IV 1-5"
AFTER HERACLES DIED HE ASCENDED TO MOUNT OLYMPUS WHERE HE WAS WEDDED TO HEBE AS A REWARD FOR THE LONG-SUFFERING HERO AND THE KIND-HEARTED GODDESS. THIS RECONCILED HIM WITH HER MOTHER, HERA, WHO HAD LONG BEEN AGAINST THE MIGHTY WARRIOR.
"AND MIGHTY HERACLES, THE VALIANT SON OF NEAT-ANKLED ALCMENA, WHEN HE HAD FINISHED UP HIS GRIEVIOUS TOILS, MADE HEBE, THE CHILD OF THE GREAT ZEUS AND GOLD SHOD HERA HIS SHY WIFE IN SNOWY OLYMPUS. HAPPY HE! FOR HE HAS FINISHED HIS GREAT WORK AND LIVES AMONGST THE UNDYING GODS, UNTROUBLED AND UNAGING ALL HIS DAYS."HESIOD, THEOGONY, 950"
HEBE HAD OTHER ROLES AS WELL. SHE WAS THE PATRON GODDESS OF THE YOUNG BRIDE, AND AN ATTENDANT OF THE GODDESS, APHRODITE. SHE ALSO SERVED TO ASSIST HER MOTHR, HERA, BY PREPARING THE GREAT GODDESSES' CHARIOT.
"ON MOUNT OLYMPUS, HEBE MADE HERA'S CHARIOT READY."--THE ILIAD, 05.722"
"ON MOUNT OLYMPUS, HEBE ATTACHES THE YOKE OF HERA'S CHARIOT."--THE ILIAD, 05.730"
AND, WHEN HER BROTHER, ARES, WAS WOUNDED ON THE BATTLEFIELD OF TROY, IT WAS HEBE WHO COMFORTED HIM.
"HEBE WASHES AND DRESSES HIM AFTER HE HAD BEEN HEALED OF "THE WOUNDS "INFLICTED BY ATHENA."--THE ILIAD, 05.905"
HEBE PROTECTS AND DISTILLS THE GOLDEN APPLES OF THE HESPERIDES, THE APPLES WHICH GRANT THE OLYMPIANS THEIR YOUTH AND IMMORTALITY. IN MORE RECENT TIMES, HER FIGURE IS A VERY POPULAR STATURE FOR USE IN GARDEN FOUNTAINS.
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" CLYTEMNESTRA "IS THE MORTAL DAUGHTER OF THE SPARTAN KING, TYNDAREUS AND LEDA. SHE IS THE SISTER OF HELEN OF TROY. IT SEEMS THAT, BECAUSE HER FATHER HAD NEGLECTED A SACRIFICE FOR APHRODITE, THE GODDESS CURSED HIM, AND HIS DAUGHTERS....ALL THREE WOULD BECOME ADULTERESSES.
INITALLY, CLYTEMNESTRA WAS MARRIED TO TANTALUS, A MAN HER FATHER HAD BETROTHED HER TOO WHILE SHE WAS STILL A VIRGIN; BUT HE WAS AN OLD MAN AND WAS KILLED MY HER SECOND HUSBAND, AGAMEMNON SOON AFTER THE WEDDING. SHE LOVED HER NEW HUSBAND AND BORE HIM FOUR CHILDREN--IPHIGENIA, ELECTRA, CHRYSOTHEMIS, AND ORESTES. LEGEND HAS IT THAT AGAMEMNON, ON HIS WAY TO RETRIEVE HELEN, FOOLISHLY SACRIFICED HIS OWN DAUGHTER, IPHIGENIA TO THE GODS IN EXCHANGE FOR FAIR WINDS. AN ENRAGED CLYTEMNESTRA BEGAN TO PLOT HER REVENGE.
DURING AGANMEMNON'S TEN-YEAR ABSENCE, CLYTEMNESTRA TOOK A LOVER, AEGISTHUS, AND RULED IN HER HUSBANDS NAME. WHEN AGANMEMNON RETURNED, SHE PRETENDED TO WELCOME HIM BACK; AGANMEMNON LET HIS GUARD DOWN, AND WHEN HE DID, AEGISTHUS MURDERED HIM. AND THEN THE COUPLE WENT ON TO BUTCHER ALL OF HIS SUPPORTERS.
TOGETHER WITH AEGISTHUS, SHE RULED MYCENAE FOR ANOTHER TEN OR MORE YEARS...UNTIL ELECTRA, RABID FOR VENGEANCE AFTER THE DEATH OF HER FATHER, ARRANGED FOR ORESTES TO KILL THE PAIR. CLYMENESTRA LEFT BEHIND A TRAGIC EXAMPLE OF A WOMAN OF POWER WHO WAS VICTIMIZED BY THE MEN OF HER TIME...AND AS A RESULT, WOMEN THEN LOST THEIR POLITICAL POWER. MANY LOOK UPON HER AS EVIL, BUT THIS NOT TRUE; SHE WAS, IN FACT, A WOMAN OF POWER WHO TRIED TO TAKE ACTION AGAINST THE FORCES WORKING AGAINST HER AND FAILED. UNFORTUNATELY, HER DEATH ENDED ANY MATRIARCHAL COMPONENT TO GREEK SOCIETY; THUS, IT BECAME COMPLETELY PATRIARCHAL UNTIL THE ROMAN PERIOD.
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"KUBABA" IS AN ANCIENT GODDESS, A PART OF THE EARLIEST KNOWN CIVILIZATION IN THE WORLD. SHE IS DEPICTED AS A DIGNIFIED FIGURE WHO IS DRAPED IN A LONG ROBE. A MOTHER GODDESS, SHE WAS WORSHIPPED BY SEVERAL CULTURES FOR MORE THAN MILLENNIA. KUBABA IS A TRUE SURVIVOR FOR AFTER ALL THOSE YEARS, HER IMAGE HAS MANAGED TO SURVIVE THE TEST OF TIME. THE MONUMENT PICTURED, THOUGH THOUSANDS OF YEARS OLD, SURVIVES FAIRLY INTACT AND SHOWS THE KUBABA HOLDING A MIRROR AND A POMEGRANATE, BOTH SYMBOLS OF MAGIC AND FERTILITY.
KUBABAS HISTORY CAN BE TRACED BACK TO THE DAYS OF THE HURRIAN CULTURE OF NORTHEASTERN MESOPOTAMIA. SHE WAS THE TUTELARY GODDESS WHO PROTECTED THE ANCIENT SYRIAN CITY OF CARCHEMISH AND WAS REPRESENTED IN MUCH THE THE SAME FASHION AS THE MONUMENT., BUT THEN SHE WAS CALLED HEPAT. AND LATER, AFTER THE FALL OF THE HURRIANS, SHE WAS ADOPTED BY THE HITTITES WHO GAVE HER THE NAME KUBABA. THIS HAPPENED AROUND 1200 BC.
KUBABA IS ALSO THE NAME OF THE ONLY QUEEN IN THE SUMERIAN KING LIST, AND SOME BELIEVE THE NAME AND LEGEND OF KUBABA MAY ACTUALLY BE RELATED TO QUEEN KUBABA OF THE CITY-STATE KINGDOM OF KISH. SHE WAS NOT A QUEEN BY BIRTH OR MARRIAGE, AND HER CLIMB TO POWER WAS ACTUALLY QUITE UNCONVENTIONAL. SHE DIDNT COME FROM A ROYAL OR ARISTOCRATIC FAMILY; SHE WAS, IN FACT, A TAVERN OWNER BEFORE TAKING POWER. HER REIGN AS THE ONLY "KING "OF KISH WAS ONE OF PEACE AND PROSPERITY. SHRINES IN HER HONOR SPREAD THROUGHOUT MESOPOTAMIA.
HOWEVER, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE HISTORICAL KUBABA AND THE GODDESS IS NOT CONCLUSIVE. WHAT IS KNOWN IS THAT THE MOTHER GODDESS WAS FOUND IN LATER CULTURES UNDER DIFFERENT NAMES AND, EVENTUALLY, THE KINGDOM OF PHRYGIA IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA, NOW TURKEY, ADOPTED HER AS THEIR MOTHER GODDESS. SHE WAS KNOWN AS CYBEBE. LATER, THE GRECO-ROMAN CIVILIZATION ALSO ADOPTED HER, CALLING HER SEVERAL NAMES...INCLUDING ARTEMIS, PERASIA, AND EVENTUALLY CYBELE.
KUBABA ALSO REPRESENTS SOMETHING UNIQUE TO MESOPOTAMIAN CULTURE. SHE WAS WOMAN, AND AS A WOMAN, SHE WAS POWERFUL, AND THE KINGDOMS THAT EMERGED IN THIS AREA HAD PRAYED TO THE POWERFUL GODDESS, KUBABA. TODAY, STATUES AND OTHER RELICS THAT BEAR HER IMAGE OR NAME ARE BEING UNEARTHED. MOST OF WHAT ARE FOUND ARE EITHER DEDICATED TO THE REAL KUBABA, WHILE MANY OTHERS ARE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE GODDESS. SHE IS THE MOTHER GODDESS WHO HAS WITHSTOOD THE TESTS OF TIME, THE MOTHER GODDESS TO A LOT OF CHILDREN, THE MOTHER OF CIVILIZATION.
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