MANASA is the Hindu Goddess of snakes and poison. She is the sister of Vasuki, King of the snakes, and daughter of Shiva. Shiva accidentally fathered her when some of his semen landed on a statue of a girl that had been carved by Vasuki's mother. When Shiva found out that Manasa was his daughter, he took her home with him, but his wife Chandi took an instant dislike to her. They quarreled back and forth (Chandi even burnt out one of Manasa's eyes), until finally Shiva had to make her leave their home. She married the sage Jaratkaru, but even then Chandi was not finished with her. She advised Manasa to wear snakes on her wedding night, and then threw a frog into the room. The snakes went crazy, and Jaratkaru ran away in fright. He did eventually return, but the damage was done. Manasa was not a happy Goddess.
Despairing that she did not have enough worshippers, Manasa worked to increase her following. One man in particular, Chand Sadagar, refused to worship her. He was a devotee of Shiva and Chandi, and would not turn away from them to Manasa. Manasa vowed to make him pay for his disrespect, and sent her serpents to kill Chand's sons. She ruined his businesses and left him in despair. Finally, at the urging of his wife, Chand offered Manasa a flower, although he did not look at her as he did so. Manasa accepted this token, and restored Chand's sons and fortune to him.
Manasa is always depicted with snakes, usually cobras. Her name means "intention", and she is also known as VISHAHARA (remover of poison).
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THE MINOAN RELIGION FOCUSED PRIMARILY ON GODDESSES AND HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS A "MATRIARCHAL" RELIGION. IN ANCIENT TIMES, THE ONLY PEOPLE ALLOWED TO DIVINE THE FUTURE OR TO ACT AS SEERS WERE WOMEN. FURTHERMORE, STATUES OF PRIESTESSES IN MINOAN CULTURE SHOW DEPICT MEN AND WOMEN PARTICIPATING IN THE SAME SPORTS SUCH AS BULL-LEAPING LEADING TO THE BELIEF THAT THAT MEN AND WOMEN HELD EQUAL SOCIAL STATUS. INHERITANCE WAS THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN MATRILINEAL.
THE "MINOAN SNAKE GODDESS" DOMINATED CRETE, YET NONE OF US KNOW HER NAME. SHE WAS A MOTHER GODDESS, THAT MUCH WE KNOW. SOME SAY SHE WAS A FERTILITY DEITY WHILE OTHERS BELIEVE THAT SHE WAS A HIGH GODDESS AND PRIESTESS, A POWERFUL SORCERESS. SHE WEARS A LONG, FLOUNCED SKIRT AND BARES HER ROUND BREASTS PROUDLY. ON HER HEAD IS A SACRED CAT; IN HER HANDS WRITHE TWO SNAKES. HER AMPLE HIPS ACCENTUATE HER FERTILITY AND HER STARING EYES HINT THAT SHE MAY BE IN A TRANCE. HENCE, IT IS BELIEVED THAT SHE REPRESENTS A FEMALE ORACLE SINCE SNAKES ARE BELIEVED TO HAVE MAGIC POWERS. THUS, THE SNAKE GODDESS REPRESENTS THE FEMININE MYSTERIES AND HOLDS ALL THE MAGICAL POWERS OF THE SERPENT.
Her 3600 year old figure was discovered in the temple of Knossos on the island of Crete. It is dated to before the eruption of Thera, which destroyed the temple. She holds a snake in each uplifted hand, and from Her appearance, it is obvious that She is presiding over an important ceremony. She is truly magnificent.
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XILONEN (pronounced she-LO-nen) is the Aztec Goddess of corn. She is the wife of Tezcatlipoca, God of the night sky and the earth. She represents the young corn, just reaching tenderness. She is the maiden aspect of the corn Goddess, Chicomecoatl as the mother aspect, and Ilamatecuhtli as the crone. Her name means "the hairy one," referring to the silk tassels on new corn. In summer, maidens were sacrificed in Xilonen's name to ensure a good harvest of corn.
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PINIKIR is the Elamite Great Goddess, mother of the Gods. She was the wife of Khumban, God of the earth, and was predominantly worshipped in Susa, in the north of Elam (now southwest Iran). As the center of Elamite power moved from north to south, Pinikir was "divorced" by Khumban and replaced with Kiririsha, the Great Goddess of the southern city of Liyan. Pinikir's name is also seen as PINENKIR, and she was known as MISTRESS OF HEAVEN and the PROTECTOR OF SUSA.
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