Djinn, a.k.a." Jinn, Genies", are in Middle Eastern folklore a race of supernatural beings that existed on the earth prior to the creation of humanity. Djinn are similar to the fairies of Europe and the demons of Judeo-Christianity.
APPEARANCE: The Djinn's true form is that of a being of fire. However, as the Djinn possess the powers of shape-shifting they can take on any form or shape they choose. The Djinn tend to prefer animal shapes.
LORE: According to Islamic belief, God created the Angels from light, the Djinn from fire, and Humans from earth. The Djinn, though different from humans, are also similar to humans in several ways. For one they have both male and female genders. Secondly, their society is structured similar to human society, with the Djinn having their own form of government. Also, the Djinn can be Muslim, Christian, or members of any other faith. Despite how the Djinn are often portrayed, not all Djinn are evil. In fact, the overwhelming majority of Djinn are apathetic or indifferent toward humanity. Only a small percentage of Djinn are openly malevolent or benevolent toward humanity. Djinn can inhabit out-of-the-way places and also appear to dwell in a parallel world, similar to the notion of "fairy land". Interestingly, it is just as difficult for the Djinn to perceive humanity as it is for humanity to perceive the Djinn. The Djinn can, and sometimes do, interbreed with humans.
THE DJINN AND SORCERY: Djinn are vulnerable to magic. Sorcerers or magicians can enslave Djinn and force them to do their bidding. One of the best examples of this behavior would be the enslavement of the Djinn by King Solomon. According to legend, King Solomon possessed a magic ring that allowed him to command the spirits. Solomon used the ring to order the Djinn to build the temple attributed to him. It is a common belief that black magic practitioners will send out a Djinn to harass, harm, or even kill a person.
DJINN AS "GENIES": The popular image of the "genie-in-a-bottle" is in fact a reference to a Djinn which has been trapped in a bottle, container, or gem or crystal via the use of magic or sorcery. Djinn can and do promise the granting of wishes to mortals in return fro releasing them. Unfortunately, many of the Djinn who were imprisoned in such containers tend to be of the evil and violent type of Djinn.
POWERS: Djinn possess the powers of invisibility and shape-shifting. The Djinn can also possess a person or object. Djinn are impervious to human weapons.
DEFENSE AGAINST DJINN: Djinn can be exorcised from a possessed person. Djinn are vulnerable to magic. The most common method of dispatching a Djinn is to magically trap a Djinn in a bottle or container. Once trapped the Djinn can no longer harm humans.
DJINN IN POPULAR CULTURE: Djinn make appearances in several books and movies. The classic "One Thousand And One Nights", is perhaps the most famous. Movies such as "Disney's Aladdin" and the "Wishmaster" series also feature Djinn. A Djinn also features prominently in "The X-Files" episode, "Je Souhaite."
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EARLY SEMITIC CULTURES CALLED THE MOON GOD SIN AND THE SUN GODDESS" SHAPASH. "EVERY EVENING SHE DISAPPEARED UNDER THE EARTH IN WEST AND APPEARED AGAIN THE NEXT MORNING IN EAST. SHE WAS WORSHIPPED AT SUNRISE, NOON, AND SUNSET. "SHAPASH" WAS THE DAUGHTER OF" EL A"ND "ASHERAH." KNOWN AS THE TORCH OF THE GODS SHE SERVED AS A MESSENGER OF THE GODS BECAUSE SHE TRAVELED EASILY ACROSS THE FACE OF THE EARTH. SHE GUARDED THE DEAD IN THE "UNDERWORLD" AT NIGHT AS WELL AS WATCHING OVER ALL THE EARTH IN THE DAY.
IN THE UGARITIC POEM OF "BAAL", "ANATH" RECRUITS "SHAPASH'S" ASSISTANCE BY BESEECHING HER, ON ONE OF HER NIGHTLY JOURNEYS INTO THE "NETHERWORLD", TO RETRIEVE THE INERT BODY OF "BAAL" WHEN HE WAS BELIEVED TO BE DEAD. THEIR STRUGGLE IS EVENTUALLY TERMINATED BY THE SUN-"GODDESS SHAPASH", WHO, GIVES "MOT" A WARNING THAT IT IS USELESS TO CONTINUE THE BATTLE, AND "MOT" SURRENDERS, RECOGNIZING BAAL'S SOVEREIGNTY.
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BELLONA WAS THE ANCIENT ROMAN GODDESS OF WAR..."THE LADY OF WAR". SHE IS THE FEMALE COUNTERPART OF MARS. IN FACT, BELLONA HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS THE ORIGINAL ROMAN WAR DEITY, PREDATING MARS BY SEVERAL YEARS. HER FAITH AS DESCRIBED AS BLOODY AND ORGIASTIC. SOME RESEARCHERS SAY THAT SHE WAS THE SISTER OF MARS, HIS DAUGHTER, OR HIS WIFE. HOWEVER, IT IS KNOWN THAT JUPITER AND JUNO ARE THE PARENTS OF MARS, AND BELLONA IS THOUGHT TO BE THE DAUGHTER OF PHOREY AND CETO. THUS, IT MAKES IT MORE PROBABLE THAT SHE WAS HIS WIFE. SHE IS DEPICTED AS A WOMAN ARMED WITH A SWORD, SPEAR, AND TORCH. THE DEADLY POISONOUS HERB 'BELLADONA' IS ASSOCIATED WITH BELLONA. SHE DID NOT PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN EITHER MYTH OR LEGEND, AND HER WORSHIP APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN BASICALLY PROMOTED IN ROME.
BELLONA HAD HER OWN TEMPLE IN EARLY ROME. IT STOOD IN THE CAMPUS MARTUS NEAR THE ALTAR OF MARS...JUST OUTSIDE OF THE GATES OF THE CITY. HERE IS WHERE THE ROMAN SENATE MET TO RECEIVE THE FOREIGN AMBASSADORS. AND, IN FRONT OF THE TEMPLE STOOD A COLUMN WHICH SERVED FOR MAKING DECLARATIONS OF WAR. HERE WAS WHERE THE PRIESTS WHO SUPERVISED THE RELIGIOUS ASPECT OF ROMAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS PERFORMED THE CEREMONIES IN WHICH THEY OFFERED SACRIFICES TO HER. THEY HAD TO WOUND THEIR OWN ARMS OR LEGS...AND THEN THEY EITHER OFFERED UP THE BLOOD OR DRANK IT THEMSELVES IN ORDER TO BECOME INSPIRED WITH A WARLIKE ENTHUSIASM. (HER EARLIEST SACRIFICES WERE SAID TO BE HUMAN.)
THUS, THE MAIN OBJECT FOR WHICH BELLONA WAS WORSHIPPED WAS TO GRANT A WARLIKE SPIRIT AND ENTHUSIASM WHICH NO ENEMY COULD RESIST. SHE IS INVOKED FOR STRATEGY AND VICTORY. SHE WAS VERY WELL KNOWN AMONGST THE BATTLE SOLDIERS, AND SHE SERVED AS THE GREAT PROTECTRESS OF TERBUS AND HIS LEGIONS.
TODAY BELLONA STANDS GUARD OVER THE MILITARY AFFAIRS COMMITTEE OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS.
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