The Robigalia was a festival held April 25. Its main ritual was a dog sacrifice to protect grain fields from disease. Games in the form of "major and minor" races were held. The Robigalia was one of several agricultural festivals in April to celebrate and vitalize the growing season, but the darker sacrificial elements of these occasions are also fraught with anxiety about crop failure and the dependence on divine favor to avert it. The late Republican scholar Varro says that the Robigalia was named for the god Robigus, who as the numen or personification of agricultural disease could also prevent it. He was thus a potentially malignant deity to be propitiated, as Aulus Gellius notes. But the gender of this deity is elusive. The agricultural writer Columella gives the name in the feminine as Robigo, like the word used for the disease itself, and says that the sacrificial offering was the blood and entrails of an unweaned puppy (catulus). Most animal sacrifice in the public religion of ancient Rome resulted in a communal meal and thus involved domestic animals whose flesh was a normal part of the Roman diet; the dog occurs as a victim most often in magic and private rites for Hecate and other chthonic deities, but was offered publicly at the Lupercalia and two other sacrifices pertaining to grain crops. Robigo is a form of wheat rust, and has a reddish or reddish-brown color. Both Robigus and robigo are also found as Rubig-, which following the etymology-by-association of antiquity was thought to be connected to the color red (ruber) as a form of homeopathic or sympathetic magic.
The color is thematic: the disease was red, the requisite puppies (or sometimes bitches) had a red coat, the red of blood recalls the distinctively Roman incarnation of Mars as both a god of agriculture and bloodshed. William Warde Fowler, whose work on Roman festivals remains a standard reference, entertained the idea that Robigus is an "indigitation" of Mars, that is, a name to be used in a prayer formulary to fix the local action of the invoked god. The priest who presided was the flamen Quirinalis, the high priest of Quirinus, the Sabine god of war who become identified with Mars; the ludi were held for both Mars and Robigo. The flamen recited a prayer that Ovid quotes at length in the Fasti, his six-book calendar poem on Roman holidays which provides the most extended, though problematic, description of the day. The Robigalia was held at the boundary of the Ager Romanus. Verrius Flaccus sites it in a grove at the fifth milestone from Rome along the Via Claudia. Like many other aspects of Roman law and religion, the institution of the Robigalia was attributed to the Sabine Numa Pompilius, in the eleventh year of his reign as the second king of Rome. The combined presence of Numa and the flamen Quirinalis may suggest a Sabine origin.
Other April festivals related to farming were the Cerealia, or festival of Ceres, lasting for several days in mid-month; the Fordicidia on April 15, when a pregnant cow was sacrificed; the Parilia on April 21 to ensure healthy flocks; and the Vinalia, a wine festival on April 23. Varro considered these and the Robigalia, along with the Great Mother's Megalensia late in the month, the "original" Roman holidays in April. The Fasti Praenestini also record that on the same day the festival celebrated a particular class of sex workers: "pimped-out boys," following the previous day's recognition of meretrices, female prostitutes regarded as professionals of some standing. The Robigalia has been connected to the Christian feast of Rogation, which was concerned with purifying and blessing the parish and fields and which took the place of the Robigalia on April 25 of the Christian calendar. The Church Father Tertullian mocks the goddess Robigo as "made up," a fiction.
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"BIXIA YUANJIN "IS THE CHINESE GODDESS OF BIRTH; SHE IS OF THE TAOIST TRADITION AND PRESIDES OVER THE DAWN, CHILDBIRTH, AND DESTINY. DAWN AND CHILDBIRTH ARE UNDERSTANDABLY LINKED IN THE
WORLD OF MYTHOLOGY--tHE RISING OF THE SUN, THE BRINGING OF LIGHT TO THE EARTH, IS EQUATED WITH THE CHILD EMERGING FROM THE DARKNESS OF THE WOMB TO THE LIGHT OF THE WORLD. AS GODDESS OF DAWN, SHE IS THE BRINGER OF LIGHT, BANISHING THE DARKNESS AND INSTILLING HOPE AND WISDOM AS SHE ATTENDS THE BIRTH OF EACH NEW DAY FROM HER HOME HIGH IN THE CLOUDS. AS GODDESS OF CHILDBIRTH, SHE ATTENDS THE BIRTH OF CHILDREN, BESTOWING THEIR KARMIC FATE AND BRINGING GOOD FORTUNE.
"BIXIA YUANJIN" IS VENERATED IN THE TEMPLE OF THE PURPLE DAWN AT THE SUMMIT OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN," TAI SHAN", WHERE WOMEN WISHING TO CONCEIVE COME TO ASK FOR HER HELP. SHE SENDS MESSAGES TO HER FOLLOWERS IN THE CLOUDS AND TEACHES THE ART OF SCRYING.
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Outside of the church Angel Of Death has taken on his own personality and is known as a separate entity from any of the known angels of death. Here, he is Death himself always on call for duty at God's holy will. But he has also taken on a more universal flavor and is often a being unto himself, obeying no one.
In Abrahamic religions, Gabriel is an archangel who serves as a messenger from God. He first appears in the Book of Daniel, delivering explanations of Daniel's visions. In the Gospel of Luke Gabriel foretold the births of both John the Baptist and of Jesus. Christians of the Catholic traditions refer to him as Gabriel the Archangel.
Islam believes that Gabriel was the medium through whom God revealed the Qur'an to Muhammad, and that he sent a message to most prophets, if not all, revealing their obligations. He is called the chief of the four favoured angels and the spirit of truth. He is called the created Holy Spirit (Islam) that spoke to Muhammad, which is not to be confused with the Holy Spirit of God in Christianity who is revered as God Himself. Gabriel is also mentioned in Baha'i Faith texts, specifically in Baha'u'llah's mystical work Seven Valleys.
According to the Biblical verses which specifically refer to him, Gabriel is often depicted as though a mortal male, but is occasionally portrayed as androgynous or female, as in some New Age beliefs or contemporary art imagery.
In Roman Catholic Tradition Saint Michael the Archangel is referred to in the Old Testament and has been part of Christian teachings since the earliest times. However, throughout the centuries specific Roman Catholic traditions and views on St. Michael have taken shape, as recently as the 19th and 20th centuries. For instance, a specific Prayer to Saint Michael was promoted by Pope Leo XIII in 1888 and as recently as 1994 was reinforced by Pope John Paul II who encouraged the Catholic faithful to continue to pray it, saying: "I ask everyone not to forget it and to recite it to obtain help in the battle against forces of darkness.”
Saint Michael has specific roles within Roman Catholic teachings that range from acting as the chief opponent of Satan to the saving of souls at the hour of death. Roman Catholic literature and traditions continue to point to Saint Michael in contexts as varied as the protection of the Catholic Church to the Consecration of Russia by popes Pius XII and John Paul II regarding the messages reported at Our Lady of Fatima. This article reviews these Roman Catholic teachings and traditions.
In Jewish, Christian, and Islamic tradition Michael is an archangel. He is viewed as the field commander of the Army of God. He is mentioned by name in the Book of Daniel, the Book of Jude, and the Book of Revelation, in which he leads God's armies against Satan's forces during his uprising. In the book of Daniel, Michael appears as "one of the chief princes" who in Daniel's vision comes to Gabriel's aid in his contest with the angel of Persia (Dobiel). Michael is also described there as the advocate of the Children of Israel and as a "great prince who stands up for the children of your [Daniel's] people".
In Hebrew, the name Michael means "who is like God"(mi-who, ke-as or like, El-deity), which in Talmudic tradition is interpreted as a rhetorical question: "Who is like God?" (which expects an answer in the negative) to imply that no one is like God. In this way, Michael is reinterpreted as a symbol of humility before God.
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Astraea: Italian goddess of truth and justice. Also known as Astria.
Aradia: Italian witch goddess. She came to earth to teach her mother Diana's magic. Symbolizes the air element, the moon.
Anteros: Italian-Roman god of love and passion. He was, specifically, the god of mutual love and would punish those who did not return love.
Corvus: Italian messenger god.
Cel: Italian god of death and the underworld.
Comus: Italian god of revelry, drinking, and feasting.
Carmen: Italian goddess of spellcasting and enchantments.
Copia: Italian goddess of wealth plenty.
Fortuna: Italian goddess of fortune, fate, destiny, blessings, luck, and fertility. Often invoked when one wants to receive money by chance, like in a lottery or contest.
Faunus: Roman and Italian god of woodlands. Symbolizes love. Also known as Pan [Greek].
Frebruus: Italian god of purification, initation, and of the dead.
Fauna: Italian goddess of the earth, wildlife, forests, and fertility. Symbolizes prosperity as well.
Jove: Italian-Roman sky god.
Jana: Italian goddess of the moon.
Lucina: Italian goddess of childbirth.
Lucifer: Italian god of sun and light. Brother and soulmate of Diana, father of Aradia.
Lupercus: Italian god of agriculture, wolf-god.
Lethns: Italian earth and nature deity. Invoke during sky, water, or element of earth, or for divination.
Marica: Italian goddess of agriculture.
Nox: Italian goddess of the night.
Pertunda: Italian goddess of sexual love.
Uni: Italian goddess of witchcraft.
Umbria: Italian goddess of shadows and things which are hidden or secret.
Virbius: Italian god of outlaws and outcasts; the guardian of sanctuaries.
Vertumnus: Roman-Italian god of fruits.
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